Area of uses of ABS plastics: ABS polymer has a wide area of use in our daily lives and it has been increasing as the time passes. Music instruments (plastic clarinets and ivories), car body covering, automobile mirrors and lights, telephone bodies, medical equipment, lego toys, bags, suitcases and white appliances are examples of use. ABS is also used in 3D printers that are based upon extrusion.

2.1.3.1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of ABS Polymer.

Advantages;
• Being hard and rigid as well as being resistive against impacts
• Having good properties in regard with electricity
• High chemical resistance
• Being easy to shape
• Easy production and ability to paint
• Being a light material

Disadvantages;
• Low solvent resistance
• Low elasticity
• Low continuous service temperature (Lokensgard, 2004)

CLASSIFICATION OF POLYETHYLENE:

Polyethylene is classified under different categories based on density and chemical properties. Mechanical properties depend on molecular weight, crystal structure and branching type.

• UHMWPE (Ultra High Molecular Weight PE)
• HDPE (High Density PE)
• HDXLPE (High Density Cross-Linked PE)
• PEX (cross-linked PE)
• MDPE (medium density PE))
• LDPE (lowdensity PE)
• LLDPE (linear-linked low density PE)
• VLDPE (very low density PE)

PROPERTIES:

Although its properties vary according to its type, general properties may be given as great resistance against outdoor conditions and humidity, elasticity, low mechanical force and outstanding chemical resistance. Containers, plastic boxes, kitchenware, coatings, pipes and tubes, toys, insulating layers in cables, packing films etc. are some common areas of use and PE is a low cost product.

POLYPROPYLENE (PP): The second most popular plastic raw material in the world. It is preferred because it has cost advantage, it is durable and it can be shaped easily. Moreover, the other advantages of PP are resistance to chemical oils and solvents, high endurance, low friction coefficient and endurance against heat and humidity. It is a thermoplastic polymer that is used for a wide range of applications from car parts in automotive industry to textile and food packaging applications. Being obtained by the polymerization of the monomer components (propylene), polypropylene is extremely durable against chemical solvents (acids and bases).

Area of Use:

BOPP Film (Food, cigarette, tape and CD packs)
– Bigbag production
– Package rope
– Thermoform plate production
– Kitchenware, furnishing, chairs, tables, picnic stuff

PROPERTIES:
• Flexible, rigid and slippery surface,
• Good mechanic and thermal resistance,
• Resistance to high energy radiation (Gamma, X-Ray),
• Weak chemical resistance,
• Resistance to some specific acids and bases,
• High water and humidity content – therefore, it experiences change in its size.
• Attention should be paid for precision.
• It has resistance against instantaneous impacts and vibrations as a result of humidity absorbency; therefore, dynamic tensions can be absorbed.
Types: Nylons are named according to the amount of carbon atoms that they contain. Like Nylon 6, Nylon 6.6, Nylon 6.10 Nylon 8.

AREAS OF USE:
1 - Machinery production,
2 - Industrial wheels,
3 - Pulleys,
4 - Bearings,
5 - Fibers,
6 - Toothbrushes,
7 - Fish tape,
8 - Automotive sub-industry,
9 - Production of gears and berth,
10 - Insulation of electrical wires,
11 - In electric blankets,
12 - Fabrics,
13 - Clothes,
14 - Socks and knitting works,
15 - Coating of metal furniture that are durable against impacts,
16 - Food industry,
17 - Hospital equipment and supplies,

Packaging of Petrochemical Products:
1-Provided in polyethylene bags that have 25kg or 50kg capacity.
2-If customer requests so, it can be prepared in bigbags that have 1250 kg capacity.

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Crude oil is formed naturally and contains untreated hydrocarbon components. Crude oil can be refined in order to obtain gasoline, diesel and various petrochemical products.

Crude oil may be referred as “black gold” and its color may vary between different shades of yellow and black based on its hydrocarbon content and viscosity. Heated distillation separation is the first step of purification.

CRUDE OIL VARIETIES:
1-LIGHT CRUDE OIL: Light crude oil has low density and it is a liquid component that can freely flow under room conditions. It generally contains low amount of wax. It has low viscosity and high specific API gravity as a result of high hydrocarbon fractions in it. Light crude oil is more expensive in capital markets because more gasoline and diesel fuel can be obtained when light crude oil is treated for separation.

2 HEAVY CRUDE OIL: As this product’s density is heavier with respect to light crude oil, it is named as heavy crude oil. Heavy crude oil or extra heavy crude oil is extremely viscous and under normal storage conditions, its flow is difficult. All types of liquid petroleum products that have API gravity less than 20° are called as heavy crude oil. Physical characteristic differences between heavy and light crude oil types are: Heavy crude oil has higher viscosity and higher molecular weight as well. In 2010, World Energy Council defined compounds found in reservoirsand with additional viscosity value of 10000 cP and additional API gravity value of 10° as extra heavy crude oil. In case reservoir viscosity measurement techniques are not applicable, extra heavy oil DEK 4° is accepted as reference.

CRUDE OIL PACKING TYPES:
1-Barrel
Put on the market in metal packing material called as barrel. It is the best, fastest and most efficient option for high volume purchases. Some countries recycle these barrels after using them and obtain further income.

2-Tankers
Transportation is done with tanker trucks and special tanker ships.

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Jet A1 is the name of a fuel type of which main ingredient is kerosene and that is used for passenger and cargo planes with jet engines in today’s world.

The main ingredient kerosene is actually a hydrocarbon liquid that is flammable.

Kerosene is gas oil that is defined as paraffin oil.

It is obtained by very fine distillation of crude oil at temperatures between 150°C and 270°C. It is commonly used for heating and lighting purposes.

It requires more with respect to gasoline in order to burn, but it provides more heat than gasoline. Its ignition point is 38°C. At lower temperatures, no ignition occurs with flame contact.

However, vapor of kerosene can easily shoot up and cause fire beyond any expectation.

Freezing point of kerosene is around -47°C.

Because of these properties, or in other words, because it does not freeze easily at low temperatures and it lowers the risk of fire and explosion in case of an accident, it is preferred as aircraft fuel.

There are JetA and JetB types of aircraft fuels besides Jet A1.

The main difference between Jet A1 and JetA is their ignition and freezing points.

JetA ignites at 51°C and freezes at -40°C

On the other hand, JetB type naphtha-kerosene fuel of which freezing point may be as low as -60°C is used rarely in commercial airline industry.

JET A 1 PACKING TYPE:
Because of its high volatility and because it catches fire easily, transportation of Jet A1 is extremely crucial. Therefore, it is preferred to transport it with tanker vehicles in a very careful way.

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SOLID MIXTURE OF SATURATED HYDROCARBONS
Paraffin is a solid matter like wax, it is a mixture of saturated fatty hydrocarbons and it has rich carbon content. Ozocerite, fossil wax and hatchettin are generally natural paraffins soiled with bituminous components. Most of the petroleum products contain paraffin that is obtained by separation distillation. Natural vaseline is a soft paraffin found in some petroleum products (e.g. Aquitaine petrol) in small amounts. Paraffin may also be obtained from many different organic components like wax, bitumen in animal matters and wood tar.

Crude paraffin contains colorful and fragrant products and it is refined after being treated with sulphate acid and washed with water. Light oils are added and then the mixture is compressed, then its color is removed in a desired extent with animal charcoal and finally it is cleaned by superheated steam. Pure paraffin is a colorless, semi-transparent, odorless and tasteless solid that is insoluble in water. It dissolves in boiling alcohol and during the cooling of the obtained mixture, long and brittle paraffin crystals come down. Paraffin can also dissolve in ether, tar, schist and petroleum oils.

Its density varies between 870 and 910 kg/m3, melting point varies between 30 and 63°C and boiling point varies between 350 and 450 °C depending on its preparation method and origin. It ignites in air at around 160 °G and burns with a very bright flame. It does not affected by bases and diluted acids. Chromic mixture and nitric acid oxidizes paraffin to fatty acids.

AREAS OF USE
Industry consumes large amount of paraffin. Hard paraffins, which has higher melting points than 50°C, are used for wax production. Soft paraffins are used in production of matches without sulphur and making fabrics and leathers water-proof. Paraffin may be substitute for liquid oil in laboratories and constant temperature baths.

By mixing paraffin with heavy oils in petroleum, synthetic vaseline that has the same usage with natural vaseline in petroleum is obtained. Melted paraffin with sulphur creates a non-conductive material. Paraffin is also used in plastic surgery. Paraffin oil or vaseline oil is used as a mechanic softener in medical treatments. Paints that contain paraffin consist of a benzene and a solvent that is called as white spirit and those paints should be used at 80°C.

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Liquid mixtures that are colorless, volatile and flammable and obtained by distillation of crude oil under atmospheric conditions (30-170°C) are called as naphtha. It consists of paraffinic, naphthenic and aromatic hydrocarbons. Naphtha is commonly used as solvent and an intermediate product. Technically, gasoline and kerosene that we use in our cars are among naphtha type mixtures. This liquid petroleum product is between light gases and heavy liquefied gases and it is volatile, flammable and it has specific gravity value of 0.7. Some intermediate products obtained from different stages of refinery and used in different applications are called as NAPHTA in order not to make the things more complex.

Naphtha Types:

1-LIGHT NAPHTA:
When used as a raw material in the petrochemical steam cracker, naphtha is heated in the presence of hydrocarbon molecules and water vapor and in the absence of oxygen or air. Crushing process produces ethene, propylene, propene, ethylene and aromatic benzene and toluene primarily. This plastic is used as a raw material for derivative units that produce acrylonitrile and synthetic glycols.

2-HEAVY NAPHTA:
Heavy naphtha can be used for petro chemistry, but it is more commonly used in catalytic reformers in refineries and turned into high octane reformate products.

AREAS OF USE OF NAPHTA:

* Gasoline production.
* Industrial solvents and cleansing products
* Oil-paints
* Production of shoe polish
* As light liquid material for some wick type lighters
* As an additive for gasoline
* As a fuel or white gas for portable heating stoves and torchesNaphtha prices?

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A binder component obtained by appropriate methods of distillation of crude oil. Bitumensused for road building and/or repair are grouped as asphalt concrete or paving grade bitumens.

USAGE OF BITUMENS:

Types of Asphalt Mixes Hot Bituminous Mixture (HBM)
Also being names as hot mix asphalt, hot bituminous mixture is obtained by mixing bitumen and mineral aggregate under 160 degrees Celsius temperature in asphalt plants. Ratio of aggregate to bitumen is between 93:7 and 97:3 in the mixture. Hot bituminous mixtures, which should be used for the roads that have 1000+ heavy vehicle traffic daily, is applied as 2 or 3 layers in different thicknesses, depending on the traffic density.

Warm Mix Asphalt
Warm mix asphalt is a bituminous mixture prepared by decreasing the temperature of HBM by 20-30 degrees Celsius and using an appropriate method in order to decrease emission rate and save energy. During the preparation of the mixture, decreasing the temperature by 10 degrees Celsius results in 50% decrease in the emission rate and thus, it is clear that this new technology will be much more important in the future although it is not widespread yet at the moment. There are different methods to produce asphalt at low temperatures by various mixing processes as well as some methods in which some hydrophobic materials like zeolite are used to repel water or paraffin is preferredin order to decrease the viscosity of bitumen.

Cold Mix Asphalt
Cold mixes, which are prepared in plants or during the application onto the road, are applied as pavement for low-traffic roads and used to ensure impermeability and surface smoothness for asphalt coated roads. In cold mixes, crushed aggregate in certain dimensions and liquid petroleum asphalt or bitumen emulsion are used.

Foam Asphalt
It is the mixture of foam bitumen and aggregate. While bitumen is still hot, it is treated with water and foam bitumen is obtained. As the surface area and viscosity of foam bitumen are increased and decreased, respectively, this type of bitumen is in the most appropriate consistence to mix with aggregate and it is flexible and fatigue resistant as well. Being an alternative to cold asphalt, foam asphalt is more economical as it requires lower amount of bitumen. Moreover, as it is not necessary to heat and dry the aggregate content, high amount of energy saving is obtained.

Types of Bitumen Packages

1-Bulk
Carried by specially designed flexible tanks or special tanker ships according to the customer’s request or tanker vehicles that can carry 23-24 ton per vehicle.
2-Bigbag
Carried as crushed or frozen in 1000-kg-polypropylen bags and by container and trucks.
3-Polybag
A package type that is made of polyethylene. Product is solidified like ice, placed into this package and transferred. Each package is around 30-40 kg and the product is ready to use after being burnt together with the package.
4-Barrel
Offered to the market in metal barrels that have 180-190 kg capacity. This type of package is the most efficient, fastest and easiest way in case of high volume purchase. Some countries recycle this packaging material by different technologies and receive further income.

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Being obtained by chemically treating crude oil, gasoline is one of the biggest energy sources of today’s world. Gasoline is considered as a must for automotive industry and its importance increases as the amount of world’s oil reserve decreases. It is used as a fuel due to its hydrocarbon content and during the history, gasoline has been continuously processed and developed by many scientists. It can be obtained synthetically by processing coal as well as the reaction between carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Although gasoline can be obtained synthetically and by carbon monoxide compounds, both methods offers low quality product. Besides the quality, cost of the product obtained by these methods are high and therefore these methods are not in use today. However, future promising researches are in progress at the moment. In the modern world of today, gasoline is obtained by separating organic compounds.
The most common use of gasoline obtained this way is for internal combustion engines. Additionally, it is used as a solvent in organic chemistry and as a fuel in some specially designed heating stoves. Having boiling point between 32 and 210 degrees Celsius and thus being an ideal fuel for internal combustion engines and automotive industry, gasoline is treated at first in order to be used in cars and as a result, commercial gasoline is obtained. Having ability to burn continuously in different rates and pressures, gasoline is also able to vaporize in some extent and makes cars start easily in cold environment, too. This feature in the cold weather conditions works in the opposite way in hot weather conditions and ensure that the engine is not flooded due to excessive vaporization. One another feature and one of the most important features of commercial gasoline is that it can be stored easily and without problem. Commercial gasoline can be kept in the fuel tank of a car for a long time and no oxidation occurs. It also decreases the occurrence rate of spark igniter and carburetor related problems.

There are two types of gasoline;

Unleaded Fuel:Unleaded fuel is developed for and used in cars that have or don’t have catalytic converter and it provides high performance as a result of a special additive. Common fuels creates oil-carbon deposit as the time passes even in the most advanced and perfect engine design and damage the motor parts. To obtain more efficiency from the engine, to economize the fuel consumption and preserve the performance, it is important to use Unleaded 95 that is enhanced by high-grade additives.

Unleaded 95 cleans the fuel system, preserve the performance at its highest and enables the engine to use full capacity, work more efficiently and it also makes car quick, thanks to the performance additive.

It gives the car better acceleration and better grip.

Traction of the engine can be enhanced by 10% by using Unleaded 95.

Provides saving in fuel consumption.

Prevents corrosion in fuel system.

Decreases the negative effects of carbon monoxide emission and exhaust gas that create environmental pollution.

2 Leaded Fuel:The largest source of lead content of the atmosphere is leaded fuels. For the developing countries, 90% of the lead and lead compound contents of the atmosphere comes from the engines powered with leaded fuels. During the 1910s, paint products were the major source for the lead content of the atmosphere in USA. When it was discovered that lead was harmful to human health, industries stopped using lead in paint products after 1940s. Especially during 1950s, the amount of lead emitted from leaded fuel powered engines started to increase and it reached its maximum between the years 1960 and 1985.

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